Oxytocin: The love hormone
Oxytocin can help us bond with loved ones and can be released through touch, music, and exercise.
- Reviewed by Howard E. LeWine, MD, Chief Medical Editor, Harvard Health Publishing; Editorial Advisory Board Member, Harvard Health Publishing
What is oxytocin?
Oxytocin is a hormone that's produced in the hypothalamus and released into the bloodstream by the pituitary gland. Its main function is to facilitate childbirth, which is one of the reasons it is called the "love drug" or "love hormone." Oxytocin, like endorphins or serotonin, is a type of hormone in your body that promotes positive feelings.
What does oxytocin do?
Oxytocin both stimulates the muscles of the uterus to contract, and boosts the production of prostaglandins, which also increase uterine contractions. Women whose labor is slow to proceed are sometimes given oxytocin to speed the process. Once the baby is born, oxytocin helps to move milk from the ducts in the breast to the nipple, and to foster a bond between mom and baby.
Our bodies also produce oxytocin when we're excited by our sexual partner, and when we fall in love. That's why it has earned the nicknames "love hormone" and "cuddle hormone."
How can oxytocin affect mental health?
Oxytocin has been shown to decrease stress and anxiety levels. Research suggests that oxytocin can have a positive impact on social behaviors related to
- relaxation
- trust
- overall psychological stability.
How are oxytocin levels controlled?
Oxytocin production and secretion is controlled via a positive feedback loop. This means the hormone causes an action that stimulates more of its own release.
For example, when a newborn suckles mechanoreceptors in the nipple and the cervix are activated, creating a positive sensory feedback loop, which leads to the additional release of oxytocin in the brain.
The increased oxytocin production and secretion into the blood causes milk to be let down into the breast.
How to increase oxytocin
Low oxytocin levels have been linked to symptoms of depression, including postpartum depression. Researchers have been studying whether giving oxytocin in a pill or nasal spray might help to ease anxiety and depression, but so far the results have been disappointing. In part, that's because it's hard for this hormone to slip across the blood-brain barrier.
A more promising way to boost oxytocin naturally is with exercise. One study noted a jump in oxytocin levels measured in participants' saliva after high-intensity martial arts training. Music also seems to have the ability to increase oxytocin levels, especially when people sing in a group, which adds the element of bonding.
Just the simple act of touch seems boost oxytocin release. Giving someone a massage, cuddling, making love, or giving someone a hug leads to higher levels of this hormone and a greater sense of well-being.
Oxytocin is just one of the four feel-good hormones. To learn more about the others and how they work, head to the beginning of this series.
Image: FatCamera/Getty Images
About the Reviewer
Howard E. LeWine, MD, Chief Medical Editor, Harvard Health Publishing; Editorial Advisory Board Member, Harvard Health Publishing
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